The Remarkable Achievements of Anna Mani: Revolutionary Contributions to Weather Science in India

Anna Mani, an Indian woman born in 1918, was a pioneering weather scientist who made significant contributions to the field. She helped India develop its own instruments for measuring the weather, reducing the country's reliance on other nations. Additionally, she played a key role in monitoring the ozone layer by creating the first Indian-made ozonesonde. Her invention allowed Indian scientists to corroborate the discovery of a large "hole" in the ozone layer made by physicist Joseph Farman. Furthermore, Mani established numerous wind energy survey sites in the 1980s and 90s, contributing to the development of wind farms across India. Despite facing challenges and discrimination, Mani followed her passion for studying the weather and pursued higher education in a time when it was uncommon for women. She rejected societal expectations, choosing to study physics instead of getting married like her sisters. She obtained a degree from Presidency College and later studied meteorological instruments abroad on a government scholarship. Upon returning to India, Mani used her knowledge to manufacture various weather instruments domestically, which were previously imported from Europe. She ensured the instruments were of the highest quality and precision. Additionally, she made significant contributions to measuring solar radiation and establishing radiation stations throughout the country. Despite experiencing discrimination, particularly from her mentor and male colleagues, Mani remained resilient and focused on her professional aspirations. She firmly believed that her gender did not hinder her success. Anna Mani passed away in 2001, leaving behind a legacy that continues to inspire and inform people in India and around the world.